GuidesAPI ReferenceCommunityDiscordBlogFAQBug BountyAnnouncements
HomeGuidesAPI ReferenceChangelog
GuidesAPI ReferenceCommunityDiscordBlogFAQBug BountyAnnouncementsChange Log
Change Log

# Exception Types

There are four types of exceptions that may be incurred during contract execution:

  1. Asset-style Exception

  2. Require-style Exception

  3. Validation-style Exception

  4. VMillegal-style Exception

# Assert-style Exception

The following generates an assert-style exception that throws an invalid opcode error, consuming all Energy (including consumed and unconsumed Energy so far):

  1. If the array index you are accessing is too large or negative (for example x[i] where i >= x.length or i < 0).

  2. If you access a fixed length of bytesN the index is too large or negative.

  3. If you use zero as a divisor for division or modulo operations (for example 5 / 0 or 23 % 0 ).

  4. If you shift the negative digit.

  5. If you convert a too large or negative value to an enumerated type.

  6. If you call an uninitialized internal function type variable.

  7. If you call the argument of the assert (expression), and the final result is false.

  8. Timeout during contract execution.

  9. If a JVMStackOverFlowException occurs.

  10. If an OutofMem exception occurs, that is, memory exceeded 3M.

  11. During contract operation, an overflow occurs, such as addition.

# Require-style Exception

The following conditions generate a require-style exception, which throws a revert error, and only consume the already consumed energy, excluding the unconsumed energy.

  1. Call `throw`

  2. If you call the `require` parameter (expression) the final result is false.

  3. If you call a function via a message, but the function does not end correctly (for example, the function runs out of Energy, or throws an exception itself). If Energy is not specified when the function is called, all Energy will be passed in and consumed. Only the Energy value is set to see the difference. This function does not include the low-level operations `call`, `send`, `delegatecall`, or `callcode`. Low-level operations do not throw an exception, but return `false` to indicate failure.

  4. If you create a contract with the new keyword, but the contract is not created correctly (because you can't specify Energy during contract creation, all Energy is passed in and consumed).

  5. If your contract receives TRX via a public function without a payable modifier (including constructors, fallback functions, and generic public functions).

  6. `transfer()` fails

  7. Call `revert()`

  8. Reach the maximum function stack depth 64.

Note

Both the assert-style and require-style cases cause the TVM to roll back. The reason for the fallback is that it cannot continue to be performed safely because the expected effect is not achieved. Since we want to preserve the atomicity of the transaction, the safest thing to do is roll back all changes. However, a deduction will be made.

# Validation-style Exception

The following conditions will result in a validation-style exception. The transaction will not be chained and will not consume any Energy.

  1. The current version does not support Virtual Machines.

  2. When creating a contract, the contract name exceeds 32 bytes.

  3. When creating a contract, the proportion of caller resources consumed is not between [0, 100]

  4. When the contract is created, a hash conflict occurs in the newly generated contract address, that is, the contract address has been generated.

  5. Call value is not 0 if there is an insufficient balance.

  6. Fee Limit is not within the legal range.

  7. Send a constant request to a node that does not support constant.

  8. The triggered contract does not exist in the database.

# VMillegal-style Exception

A VMillegal-style exception occurs in the following cases. This type of exception transaction will not be chained, but the node that sent the transaction will be penalized at the network layer for a period of time.

  1. `OwnerAddress` and `OriginAddress` are not equal when creating a contract.

  2. Broadcast a constant request.

# Exception Handling Process

  1. The entry is a go() exception that will be caught and processed in go() and will not be passed outside of go().


  1. The play() function is where the virtual machine actually executes. There are three places that call play(), go() (described above), callToAddress() (the CALL instruction is called, which is called in the contract), and createContract() (CREATE directive, which is when the contract is created in the contract). The latter two will not handle catching exceptions, and the exceptions thrown out of play will continue to be thrown out in the latter two.

  1. step() function