Resource Model

Bandwidth, Energy, and TRON Power (TP, also called Voting Right) are TRON's three system resources, together forming the metering system that governs every interaction with the network:

• Bandwidth — covers the byte size of transactions stored on-chain; larger transactions consume more.
• Energy — covers the computation the TVM performs when executing a smart contract; every contract call consumes some.
• TRON Power — determines an account's influence in Super Representative elections.

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Prerequisites

• Accounts and keys
• Tokenomics

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The three resources

The Bandwidth and Energy limits and the free Bandwidth quota are set by chain parameters. Query wallet/getchainparameters for their current values.

When stake and the free quota cannot cover an operation's Bandwidth or Energy cost, the network can burn TRX from the sender's balance at the current chain-parameter rates. For contract transactions, the caller's fee_limit also caps how much TRX can be burned for Energy, so a sufficient account balance alone does not guarantee execution. See Paying for resources & Energy sharing for the charging order, current-rate lookup, and deployer Energy sharing mechanism.

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TRON Power (Voting Right)

Before any account can vote for Super Representatives, it needs to obtain voting rights — that is, TRON Power. Mainnet currently has getAllowNewResourceModel=0, so staking 1 TRX for Bandwidth or Energy grants 1 TP. If the new resource model is enabled, new TP must instead be staked separately with the TRON_POWER resource type. For details on staking lifecycle, see Staking on the TRON network.

An account can stake multiple times, and TP from each operation accumulates. Query an account's total and used TP through wallet/getaccountresource.

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Bandwidth and Energy

Every transaction except queries consumes Bandwidth: its cost equals the transaction's byte count on-chain. Under the current getFreeNetLimit value, each account can use up to 600 free Bandwidth over a rolling 24-hour window; staking TRX provides additional Bandwidth from the current network-wide limit.

Smart contract calls additionally consume Energy. Each TVM instruction has a fixed Energy cost, and a call's total Energy is the sum of those costs. Energy has no free quota — accounts must either stake (or receive delegated) TRX to obtain it, or rely on the TRX-burn fallback.

For the current network-wide limits, allocation formulas, staking workflow, delegation, and recovery cycle, see Bandwidth and Energy.

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APIs

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Related resources

• Bandwidth and Energy — Resource basics, staking, delegation, and recovery
• Paying for resources & Energy sharing — TRX burn rates, deployer Energy sharing, fee_limit, dynamic Energy
• Staking on the TRON network — Stake, unstake, and withdraw mechanics
• Tokenomics — How resources tie into TRX supply dynamics